Technetium Essay Example For Students

Technetium Essay TechnetiumNalin BalanNUCL 200Paper due 02/07/97Atomic Number: 43Atomic Symbol: TcAtomic Weight: (97)Electron Configuration: -18-13-2History, Properties and Uses:(Gr. technetos, artificial) Element 43 was predicted on the basis of theperiodi c table, and was erroneously reported as having been discovered in 1925,at which time it was named masurium. The element was actually discovered byPerrier and Segre in Italy in 1937. It was found in a sample of molybdenum,which was bombarded by deut erons in the Berkeley cyclotron, and which E. Lawrence sent to these investigators. Technetium was the first element to be produced artificially. Since itsdiscovery, searches for the element in terrestrial material have been madewithout s uccess. If it does exist, the concentration must be very small. We will write a custom essay on Technetium specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Technetium has been found in the spectrum of S-, M-, and N-type stars, and itsresence in stellar matter is leading to new theories of the production of heavyelements in the stars. Nineteen isotopes of technetium, with atomic massesranging from 90 to 108, are known. 97Tc has a half-life of 2.6 x 10^6 years. 98Tc has a half-life of 4.2 x 10^6 years. The isomeric isotope 95mTc, with ahalf-life of 61 days, is useful for tracer work, as it produces energeticgamma rays. Technetium metal has been produced in kilogram quantities. The metalwas first prepared by passing hydrogen gas at 1100C over Tc2S7. It is nowconveniently prepared by the reduction of ammonium pertechnetate with hydrogen. Techne tium is a silvery-gray metal that tarnishes slowly in moist air. Until1960, techne tium was available only in small amounts and the price was as highas $2800/g. It is now commercially available to holders of O.R.N.L. permits at aprice of $60/g. The chemistry of technetium is said to be similar to that ofrhenium. Technetium dissolves in nitric acid, aqua regia, and conc. sulfuricacid, but is not soluble in hydrochloric acid of any strength. The element is aremarkable corrosion inhibitor for steel. It is reported aerated distilled water at temperatures up to 250C. Thiscorrrosion protection is limited to closed systems, since technetium isradioative and must be confined. 98Tc has a specific activity of 6.2 x 10^8 Bq/g. Activity of this level must not be allowed to spread. 99Tc is a contaminationhazard and should be handled in a glove box. The metal is an excellentsuperconductor at 11K and below. Source:CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 1913-1995. David R. Lide, Editorin Chief. Author: C.R. Hammond

West Nile essays

West Nile essays According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, claim that last year 9862 cases of West Nile Virus were reported to the CDC last year. Out of the 98 hundred cases, 2947 of them were from Colorado which is roughly 30 percent of all known cases in the United States. West Nile Virus is a dangerous disease but with the knowledge of preventive measure you minimize the likeness of infection. West Nile virus was first discovered in 1937 in the West Nile district of Uganda. New interest was created by the West Nile virus when it emerged in the United States for the first time in the New York City area in August 1999. There were 62 confirmed human cases and 7 deaths during this outbreak, creating widespread concern. WNV primarily transmitted to humans by a mosquito of the Culex species. However, according to Edward B. Hayes that West Nile virus can be transferred through blood transfusions and organ transplantation. The virus can cause encephalitis (inflammation of the brain) or meningitis (inflammation of the lining of the brain and spinal cord). Once you get bitten by the mosquito infected with West Nile Virus, there are a wide range of symptoms from showing no signs of disease to rapidly fatal brain infection. According to eMedicine.com the likelihood of a person developing illness after infection with West Nile virus is about 1 in every 140-300 people. Initial symptoms include the sudden onset of fever, chills, muscle aches, headache, and overall feeling of illness. Headache is particularly common and may be severe. The person may have sensitivity to light with pain behind the eyes. In most cases West Nile Virus will last for a few days, although there have been documented cases of the minor symptoms lasting for weeks. The symptoms of severe infection include headache, high fever, neck stiffness, stupor, disorientation, coma, tremors, convulsions, muscle weakness, and paralysis. In th ...

Business Ethics Case Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Business Ethics Case Study - Essay Example Business ethics can be varied for different businesses. But it is important for a business to include good ethics. Further, the concerns of business ethics also encompass issues related to the ‘social responsibility’ of business. In this context, ethical theories and principles are relevant in terms of providing adequate insights to the managers on important matters of protecting the overall corporate environment. Ethical theories emphasize the primary objective of reaching ethically correct business decisions. In order to direct the organization to success and gain more competitive advantages, each ethical theory follows a common set of goals known as ethical principles. There are various ethical frameworks used in business that are discussed briefly in the following section. The requirement of an ethical framework is considered relevant for organizations since they are now a significant part of the society and culture. With the ongoing globalization movement in the corporate world, the concept of a multi-cultural workplace is a familiar thing for most organizations. As people from various cultures, societies, communities and working backgrounds assemble under one roof, the cases of unethical conducts, as well as other disapproved performances, are being reported on a more frequent level. The requirement of ethical frameworks is highly demanded in order to make important decisions on determining what is right and what is wrong, what is ethically acceptable or unacceptable for the employees as well as the organization. In other words, an ethical framework should be constituted on the basis of certain ethical values such as justice, responsibility, reasonableness, respect, and safety of workers. The ethical framework is effective in constructing a healthy and cooperative organizational culture.

International economical and political environment (digital living Essay

International economical and political environment (digital living room) - Essay Example Similarly, the companies like Sony, Microsoft and Nintendo are competing to occupy space in the digital gaming market. (Suster; Saxtoft; Sandoval). The growing competition in the Digital Living Room market is posing a serious threat to the different service providers regarding their ability to sustain. Thus, the directors need to devise strategies to operate jointly in the digital market to not only satisfy the increasing needs of the consumers but also in helping themselves to sustain. Moreover, the directors need to focus more on innovation and cost effectiveness to render more sophistication in the services provided. This would help in generating customer loyalty. The Digital Living Room market companies can also enhance the sphere of the User Interface applications through the development of the interactive sphere by conducting live chatting session with their friends through the television while viewing a certain program. Even the Digital Living Room market companies can coordin ate with other service networks like Skype to promote on-line calling experience through the television sets. ... Further service and customer touch points must be created in regional points to help understand customer feedback on the service offered. This would help the companies to customize their products and services, which would generate better sales and revenue for the firm. Effect of Economic Activity on the Digital Living Room Market The economic development of the various regions in the developed and developing world has created huge demand for changes in the digital living room market. The Digital Living Room Market is getting filled up with competitors like Apple, Google and Netflix to a name a few in the field of media content generation. Moreover, different players like Nintendo, Microsoft and Sony who are spontaneously innovating newer products to fill up the market are increasingly filling up the video gaming industry. It is expected that the competition between the digital players would reach new heights in a matter of a decade. The deal made between Apple and Faustian AT&T helpe d in the creation of gadget like iPhone, which revolutionized the cellular market. It rather broke the powerful influence of the mobile manufacturers in not letting other software providers to penetrate the cellular market. Again the development of Internet supported television sets are helping to create ample opportunities for the growth of Consumer Electronics industry (Suster; How IP Services Will Drive CE Evolution). The region of North America which was previously quite hostile to the digital development is gradually changing its face. Due to ongoing hostility the stock quotes of the different digital companies showed a declining trend from the period of 2004 to around 2008. The growing awareness of the North American about the digital environment created a demand

The Importance of Branding in the Constantly Changing Market Essay

The Importance of Branding in the Constantly Changing Market Environment - Essay Example The study encompasses the role of branding, a brief overview of the products and services offered by the company, the target audience of the company and the importance of branding for the organization. Branding has been playing an important role in organization’s success for over decades. Branding is the process through which an organization differentiates its products and services from the competitors while changing the perception of customers towards the brand. The ability to create awareness regarding the brand has eventually resulted in significant increase in sales. In earlier years, the offerings of organizations to the customers were merely taken as a product. With the help of branding, organizations have provided meaning and reason for existence to their products through the use of branding. With the passage of time, branding has become more of a promise of quality and reputation. The concept of branding encompasses everything about an organization to help customers in the market to create a positive perception regarding the company as well as the products offered by it. In the today’s constantly changing competitive environment, organizations are at war with one another in terms of attracting customers to purchase their products over others. Organizations have acknowledged the importance of branding to promote recognition of the products and services offered. If an organization focuses entirely on being a quality provider, this reflects that the organization encourages repeat business. Quite frankly, customers are quite busy to earn their living due to which they tend to adhere to brands that are known to them i.e. familiarity. This means that if a customer recognizes and remembers a brand used in earlier days or months, he/she will most likely choose the product or service again. The most important thing about branding is that it helps an organization to stand out from the crowd. This clearly means that branding helps an organization to differentiate the products and services offered by the organization. By thinking outside the box, organizations have witnessed significant opportunity to attract the customers in the market, while ensuring that the customers will never forget the products and services primarily because of the utmost accomplishment of desires and needs. On the other hand, branding has helped organizations to market their businesses more efficiently. Through effective marketing, the opportunity to attract potential customers will significantly increase as they will already know about the brand along with the benefits that products and services can offer to the customers. This clearly reflects that branding can help an organization to motivate the customers and potential customers to purchase the products and services offered without taking into account other products and services in the market.

Information About Auto Rickshaw Engineering Essay

Information About Auto Rickshaw Engineering Essay In many Asian countries rickshaw were used as a human powered mode of transport. The cycle rickshaw in which a cart is attached to a bicycle is operated by a driver. These kind of rickshaws can still be found in cities like Kolkata. A European missionary been to Japan invented the rickshaw in Japan at the end of nineteenth century, the name rickshaw was derive from the Japanese expression Ji Riki Shaw which literally means vehicle propelled by man Around 1880 the first rickshaw appeared in India on the avenues of Simla. Some 20 years later some Chinese traders who used the rickshaw to transport goods imported few of these rickshaws to Kolkata. The same Chinese people in 1914 applied for permission to use the rickshaw to carry people and in no time all over in many south East Asian metropolis rickshaws were found. Rickshaw offered a means of earning a living for peasants migrating to the big cities. No one knows exactly how many rickshaws are on the streets of Kolkata, over a million people look to the rickshaw for their daily bowl of rice. Economists have calculated that the economic value of rickshaws and their pulling is $6 million a quarter of the budget of the whole urban transport system of a city like Paris. In 1940s Vespasan auto rickshaw or the rickshaw made out of an iron body resting on three small wheels, two on the rear and one in the front, a seating for three at the rear and a small cabin in the front for the driver, were seen. These rickshaws were fitted with a 2-stroke engine and a handle for steering like a scooter instead of a steering wheel. As the man pulled rickshaw started to work on motor it was known as auto rickshaw instead of rickshaw. The auto rickshaw had become so popular as a vehicle for hire that it became one of the chief modes of transport in India, Srilanka, Nepal, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Egypt, Indonesia, Laos, Philippines, Thailand and many parts of Asia and Africa. But the former version of the rickshaw is still not extinct. Considering their capacity the auto rickshaw are extremely light weight , it requires only two or three person to fully lift it of the ground and it can be pushed by one person when it breaks down. The auto rickshaw has many types of models in many different countries. The older version of auto rickshaw in India had a engine designed by lambretta which consumed too much of petrol hence they were phased out and engines designed by vespa took over, the most common auto rickshaws found today in India are the Bajaj auto rickshaws. At the beginning the engine was under the seat of the driver which made the auto rickshaw very uncomfortable for the passengers as it was very noisy and it vibrated a lot. Later on the engines were modified and placed at the rear of the auto rickshaw making it less noisy, hence making the ride much more comfortable for the passengers. These auto rickshaws are mainly seen as a passenger taxi vehicle in many different cities of India having a different colour for different cities, example. In Mumbai the colours of the auto rickshaw is black for the body and yellow near the windscreen and in cities like Delhi, Chennai, Hyderabad its yellow for the whole vehicle. It also had a larger version which is a seven seater, which had a diesel engine but compared to the smaller three seater petrol engine auto rickshaws these larger version seven seater auto rickshaws were much more noisier and they vibrated a lot, in spite of this , these seven seater were a complete success in several towns and rural areas of India as it carried more passengers and the cost of running was low compared to the petrol engine. These auto rickshaws were also modified from a passenger taxi vehicle to a goods carrier vehicle to transport small amounts of goods within the city or to small distances. These goods carrier auto rickshaws came in both petrol and diesel engines and it also came in different models with different engine power. The passenger 2-stroke petrol engine was changed to a 4-stroke engine which was a very successful model, and later on it was changed to a CNG (compressed natural gas) engine. 1.2 : CURRENT SYSTEM There were three types of engine model in the auto rickshaw, the belt drive (BD), rear axle (RA) and the rear engine (RE) The belt drive: in the belt drive model two belts ran down the side of the auto rickshaw which made the rear wheel move, in this model the wheels were not connected by an axle, in which if one of the belt snapped out that wheel was no longer driven. The rear axle: in the rear axle model the auto rickshaw has a rear axle driven by a perpendicular cam-shaft extending from underneath the drivers seat which was very noisy and vibrated a lot. The rear engine: in the rear engine model the engine is located at the rear of the auto rickshaw over the rare axle, assessable from a rear hatch, these models are much quieter and less bumpy. All of these three models were 2-stroke engines and lacked in the fuel department. The fuel tank was not sealed with a gas pump nozzle as the thank was unpressurized, hence the gas would flow faster when the tank is full than when it was half full later on a small value was located on the gas tube to adjust the gas flow. The driver also had to mix oil with the fuel as the engine was a 2-stroke engine. There was no energy storage system in the belt drive and rear axle model auto rickshaw, hence the headlight, brake lights and the signals lights had to run through a generator directly off the engine, in which the bulbs fused very often. But the rear engine model had a 12V electronics system including a battery allowing steady lights. All the models of the auto rickshaw did not have an electric starter hence the driver had to kick start the vehicle. The kick was located on the left side of the driver as a hand lever. (www.conspirators.net/armadillo/autorickshaw.html) Out of the three models the RE model was the most successful one as its engine was at the rear of the auto rickshaw making the auto rickshaw much quieter and less bumpy than the other two models, and it also had a battery allowing steady lights. Later on the 2-stroke engine was modified and replaced with 4-stroke petrol engine fitted with a electric starter. This 4-stroke engine model was very successful as compared to the 2-stroke engine. By this time the auto rickshaw also had diesel engine which made the cost of running very low and it was used as both passenger as well as a good carrier vehicle. There were many models of the petrol as well as the diesel engines with different engine capacity as shown. Bajaj 4-stroke: Bajaj Autorickshaw 4 stroke Specifications Engine 4 stroke Cooling Type Forced Air Cooled Displacement 173cc No. of Cylinders 1 Compression Ratio MaxPower 8.17bhp Max Power RPM 5000rpm Max Torque 11.5Nm Max Torque RPM 4000rpm Ignition Type DC Carburettor Keihin M10 A Transmission Type 4 forward and one reverse Clutch Type Wet multidisc type Electrical System 12V DC Head Light 35/35 W Horn 12V DC Chassis Type Pressed steel sheets and sections Front Suspension Helical coil spring and hydraulic double acting shock absorber Rear Suspension Helical coil spring and hydraulic double acting shock absorber Front Tyre Size (4.00 8).4PR Rear Tyre Size (4.00 8).4PR Brakes Drum Fuel Tank Capacity 8 litres Reserve Capacity 1 litres Wheel Base 2000mm Ground Clearance 200mm Saddle Height 780mm Minimum Turning Radius 2.88m Curb Weight 295kg Maximum Payload 335kg Fuel Efficiency (Ideal) 33kmpl Fuel Efficiency (Highway) 32 to 35kmpl Fuel Efficiency (City) 28 to 32kmpl Max Speed 55kmph * (The above model is available in Petrol, Diesel, CNG and LPG version.) Bajaj GC 1000 : Bajaj Goods Carrier Specifications Type Four Stroke, Single Cylinder, IDI, Compression Ignition    Cooling Type Forced Air Cooled Displacement 416 cc Max Power 8.5 bhp( 5.9 kW) @ 3600 rpm Max Torque 20 Nm @ 2400 rpm Ignition Type Electric start Transmission Type 4 forward 1 reverse gear Clutch Type Single plate, dry friction type, foot operated Maximum Payload 775 Kgs. Electrical System System System 12V DC Chassis Chassis Type Semi Monologue Suspension Front Suspension Antidive leading link with helical compression spring shock absorber Rear Suspension Independent suspension with spring shock absorber Tyres Front Tyre Size 4.510,8PR Rear Tyre Size 4.510,8PR Brakes Front Brakes Hydraulic brakes with auto adjuster Rear Brakes Hydraulic brakes with auto adjuster Fuel Tank Fuel Tank Capacity 8 litres Dimensions Overall length 2960 mm Overall width 1375 mm Overall height 1810 mm Wheel Base 2025 mm Ground Clearance 170 mm Minimum Turning Radius 2.75 m GVW 990 kg Loading Tray Length (Pick up) 1500 mm Width (Pick up) 1325 mm Height (Pick up) 250 mm Length (HiDec) 1500 mm Width (HiDec) 1325 mm Height (HiDec) 1050 mm *Because of our ongoing efforts to make Bajaj vehicles even better, specifications are subject to change without prior notice * (The above model is available in Petrol, Diesel, CNG and LPG version.) Later on the petrol and diesel engines were replaced by CNG (compressed natural gas) engines having all the same features. And till today all the auto rickshaws in India run on CNG engine. 1.3 : PROBLEMS AND AIM. 1.3.1 : PROBLEMS CAUSE DUE TO AUTO RICKSHAW As we are aware that an  auto rickshaw  or  a three-wheeler  (tuk-tuk) is a small three-wheeled operated by a single individual. They are cheap and common means of public transport in urban India and other parts of Asian countries as well as in some parts of Egypt, Ethiopia, Sudan, Peru and Gautamela. Autos run on: CNG (Compressed Natural Gas), Petrol Diesel Though Autos are cheap and common means of transport it has its own disadvantages too: 1. Traffic issues/ overcrowding Auto rickshaws have a top-speed of around 50  km/h much slower than the automobiles they share the road with. The triangular form of the vehicle makes maneuvering easy, with the single front wheel negotiating the available gap, and the rear two wheels forcing a larger space. The MMW Tuk Tuk has a top speed of around 70  mph. (Ref: MMW Tuk Tuk). Being a cheap means of transport people prefer them to taxis and other means of transport. Traffic authorities in big cities try to implement mechanisms to reduce the resulting traffic slowing, but none have proven effective due to overcrowding of Autos. 220px-Rishshaw_stand_ A typical auto stand in Goa (Wikipedia) 2. Outlook: The modern cities and roads are designed for sleeker looking public vehicles for commuting these auto rickshaws look outdated and drab and looks inferiors in front of other modern road transport vehicles. Modern city planners are looking to phase out such vehicles or promoting them to be used only in villages /outskirts of cities ANd9GcSbTNytJUyOcggJ9NdIRpcmDfmYv3ZDobxZXMFc8gxuS_jheOn6_eS3QKcH ANd9GcSJLKenN3fLi3vbPlnvwMfaNIwdJQsxKzzYKer9OGtS2qCYKqX3fg Picture: Rickshawchalleng.com ANd9GcTkCINnKj7V2mW451StC07p2wMURq9m3UvR7DC5hZvLSXKlYo9CfsygYj37KA ANd9GcTJVF153b5V1fQ81M3SsBtQimfwGjLVVsQQ5KtlyxHq3Ux_ivxpyA Ref: Cepolina.com 3. Air / Noise Pollution: Though CNG run autos are more eco- friendlier than petrol and diesel autos. However, one fact was completely ignored that is noise pollution due to gas engine. With running of so many autos on concrete road surface, because of rigidity it creates more noise. The Noise level on the road during night is much more than the specified by the The Noise Pollution Regulation and Control) Rules, 2000 India. Carbon monoxide, hydrocarbon and nitrous oxide is emitted out is in abundance causing health issues. Besides Carbon, huge dust particles remains suspended in the air due to the constant movement of autos which is leading to breathlessness and various other health problems. (Ref: The Cityfix) To assess the impact caused by nearly 1, 00,000 auto rickshaws, the Karnataka State Pollution Control Board (KSPCB) monitored the atmospheric quality, at two areas in the City Railway Station and S G Halli, on the day of auto strike and the day before the strike. Central Bus Stand Majestic area has the most dense auto traffic, at any time of day, due to the presence of the railway station and KSRTC bus stand. Roughly between 30% to 40% of the Citys auto rickshaws ply here. This area has reported a steep reduction in oxides of Nitrogen, upto 58.8%, on the strike day. Impressive isnt it? A clear reduction in levels of Sulphur di oxide (SO2) and Respiratory Particulate Matter (RSPM) too were reported in both areas. Oxides of Carbon reduced by 33.3% at Majestic. It is known that most of the autos in City, roughly 65,000, are two-stroke ones and with incomplete combustion in them causes pollution. These autos are the ones which are 40% air polluters in Bangalore, according to KSPCB. (Ref: moneymint.in) 1.3.2 : Aim of the project The aim of the project is to run the auto rickshaw on a electrical motor with the help of solar energy. 1.4 : objective To review the current system To replace the current system Chapter 2 : START CURREENT SYSTEM OF AUTORICKSHAW JOURNALS ARTICLES RESEARCH PARAMETRIC DESIGN INTERNET DRAFT 3D MODEL CFD FEA VALIDATE CONCLUSION END Chapter 3: LITERATURE REVIEW. 3.1: journal on solar panels on vehicles Solar panels have photovoltaic cells (PVC) which are used in solar vehicles, the suns energy is converted into electricity we can use by the help of these photovoltaic cell. Solar panels can cost upto 400$ each which is a very expensive technology. The price of the solar panels varies from panel to panel depending on how fast the panel can capture and convert the energy. In 2006 the Venturi Eclectic was presented at the paris auto show. This car used solar and wind energy but could onlt travel upto 30 miles per hour. There are many benefits of a solar vehicle, there is no noise pollution as the panels panels work silently, the energy one gets is free and has zero percent emission. The Toyota prius has a new solar roof that can power the car for at least 20 miles longer. (www.aboutmyplanet.com/alternative-energy/solar/facts-solar-powered/) Working of a solar vehicle: Solar vehicle completely depends on the energy of the sun. Unlike any other solar device the solar panels on a solar vehicle has to harness the energy from the sun. These solar panels consist of hundreds or thousands of solar cell arranged neatly ultra pure mono crystalline silicon and reach efficiencies up to 20 % ie . this percentage is converted into electricity from the total solar energy falling on the panels. The electrons are charged by the photons (light particles) when sunlight hits the solar panels, this makes the electron to move one later of the solar cell to another. Thus electrical current is produced due to the energetic movements of the electrons between the layers of the solar cell. This electric current is transferred to the battery pack when the electric motor is switched off. When the conditions are not sunny the power from the battery is used. The technology of the battery pack is similar to teh cell which powers our i-pods and cell phone made up of lithium ion c ells. Using a 220V power outlet the battery pack can be fully charged in 3 hours or a day of using only solar panels. Compared to the normal vehicles the solar vehicles have a different transmission system. Power the motor is controlled by two components called Motor controllers and Power trackers. The job of the motor controller s are to convert the DC power from the batteries or solar panels to AC electricity for the motor. By simply setting the frequency of the AC output one can manipulate the speed of the motor. The job of the power trackers is to maintain a suitable level by correcting the current when the energy is used to charge the batteries, it boost the voltage. Changes in sunlight, temperature and assorted factor makes the power output in solar panels to vary, in which necessary continuous calibration and adjustment is required, this done by the power tracker. A solar vehicles body is designed to cover three benefits to maximize energy It should be lightweight. It should have good aerodynamics. And large flat surface area for maximum number of solar panels. (www.aboutmyplanet.com/environment/solar-work/) 3.2 Articles on auto rickshaws 3.2.1 Without chargers, solar rickshaws gather dust In Chandigarh the administration provided a public transport system in the form of solar rickshaws has fallen flat. These lot of first 10 eco friendly vehicles provided by the administration are now in the municipal corporation gathering dust upon them. Later on by random selection these vehicles were given to some rickshaw drivers. At various location in the city charging points were to be provided by the municipal corporation for charging these rickshaws which were not done. Disappointed by the municipal corporation these vehicles were returned back to the municipal corporation. These green rickshaws weighted about 210 kg and had a speed of 15 to 20 km per hour and had a solar battery that lasted for 6 hours or 70 km on which these rickshaws were operated. It took about 5 hours to charge these batteries with the help of charging units which had to be connected to solar panels. In order to make this scheme successful the municipal corporation has to set up charging units at different location in the city. People would also prefer these green rickshaws to some extend compared to the diesel or petrol version of the rickshaws as it addressed environment concerns. (http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/without-chargers-solar-rickshaws-gather-dust/articleshow/6766082.cms) 3.2.2 Solar rickshaws find no takers BANGALORE: Indias Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) launched a solar rickshaw with great fanfare two years ago had found no takers yet. While is causing concern a engineer from Pune claimed that his design was copied by CSIR. Solecksaw which is three wheeled, in principle can use electricity to drive the motor by converting sunlight with the help of solar panels. It was promoted as a green rickshaw as it did not contribute to global warming as it emits no gases, and was developed by a unit of CSIR which is know as Central Mechanical Engineering Research Institute (CMERI) which is Durgapur, West Bengal. But the solecksaw has not caught on in spite of its high voltage publicity. Till now in the markets these rickshaws have not been sold on commercial basis, said the head of the manufacturing technology group at CMERI Mr. Amit Banerjee In Delhi, Durgapur, Kolkata, Jaipur, Chandigarh, Dhanbad, and Ahmedabad, around 30 soleckshaws which were fabricated at CMERI were deployed initially for demonstration said senior adviser Mr. Himadri Maiti . He also admitted that they are not in operation currently due to various local management and administrative problems. The Central Electronics Limited did set-up some charging stations at few places but these stations are not been used to charge the soleckshaws batteries as the vehicle in those location are not operating said Mr. Himadri Maiti. At least 1000 solecksaws were to be deployed in the common wealth games village in Delhi was the plan of CSIR which was abandoned as the Games Organising Committee backed out on the proposal, on the plea of security issues, to which they had agreed initially. Mr. Himadi Maiti also said the proposal by CSIR to operate at least 10 solecksaws for delivering post under a pilot project And the CSIRs proposal to operate at least 10 soleckshaws for postal delivery under a pilot project in Rajashtans Ajmer district is still pending with the postal department, he said. 3.2.3 Web messenger drives civic campaigns for noble cause BANGALORE: Vivan Philips a post graduate student of psychology is the common mans messenger who take the common mans problems to the government by collating peoples votes on small yet crucial issues. Last year around June he launched a website www.consciousevolutionmovement.com where people can file their petitions with a big banner he was at Cubbon park for two issues ensuring wall climbers on metro rail pillars and urging manufactures to produce non-polluting auto rickshaw asking for votes. Vivian is still on the same campaign this year having some interesting observations: A majority of volunteers and voters he got for these issues are student. The wall climbers campaign got the maximum response and the introduction of non-polluting auto rickshaw or immediately even replacing them this issue was supported by many college students. Two other issues were recently added by him following the public demands, which included raising enough funds to educate every under- privileged child and mass production of solar panels by the government. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bangalore/Web-messenger-drives-civic-campaigns-for-noble-cause/articleshow/5761342.cms . 3.3 Information on solar panels A solar panel is a device that collects photons of sunlight, which are very small packets of electromagnetic radiation energy, and converts them into electrical current that can be used to power electrical loads. The use of solar energy started more than 100 years back, at the beginning solar power was just used to produce steam to run some machinery. This was until the discovery by Henri Becquerel of photovoltaic effect allowed to convert solar energy (sunlight) into electrical energy. Becquerels discovery then led Charles Fritts to invent the first genuine solar cell in 1893 which was made by coating sheets of selenium with a thin layer of gold, from this arised the device we know today a solar panel. An American inventor named Russel Ohl patented the worlds first silicon solar cell in 1941. Ohls invention led to the production of the first solar panelin 1954. These new solar panels were first used in space satellites, but today solar panels and complete solar panel systems are used to power a wide variety of applications. How does an solar panel work?Solar Photovoltaic Power System Diagram Solar panels collect sunlight which is a clean renewable source of energy and convert it into electricity. This electricity can be use to run electrical loads. Solar panels are made up of many individual solar cell which are composed of layers of silicon, boron (which provides the positive charge) and phosphorous (which provides the negative charge). The photons are absorbed by the solar panels and in doing so an electric current is initiated. The resulting energy is produced from photons striking the solar panel surface which allow electrons to be knocked out of their atomic orbits and released into the electric field generated by the solar cell which then pull these free electrons into a directional current. This entire process is know as the photovoltaic effect. An average home can produce enough electricity using solar panels for all of its electrical load, as it has enough roof area for number of solar panels. As solar panels produce direct current (DC) it cannot be used to support electrical load, but with the help of an invertor that converts direct current into alternating current (AC), one can use the electricity to support electrical loads, different size of solar panel arrays meet different demanding electrical loads. The direct current produced by a solar panel which can converted into alternating current by the help of invertors can be used to power different loads in a commercial building or a house, it can also be used to power remote traffic controls, boat, vehicles, telecommunication equipments and many such machinery. Benefits of solar panels: Producing electricity using solar panels is a very practical way for many applications. This is very beneficial to people who live off-grid, off- grid means living in a location where there is no electrical supply from the main electric utility grid. Many homes and cabins in a remote areas benefits using a solar panel system, as compared to the huge fees for installing a electric utility poles from the main grid access point, solar power system is less expensive and if maintained properly can provide power for nearly three decades. The greatest benefits one can enjoy by using solar power is that it is a clean and renewable source of energy, as global climate change is the biggest problem we face today it is very important to reduce the pressure on the atmosphere from the emission of greenhouse gases. Solar panels require very less maintenances as it has no moving parts and if properly maintained can last for decades. Once the installation cost is been paid of a solar power system the electricity it produce is absolutely free for the rest of the systems lifespan that could be upto 15 20 years depending on the quality of the system, due to this one can eliminate the monthly electric bills and it can also be an additional income, because if one uses less power than the total power produced by the solar system the excess power can be sold to the electric utility company. (http://www.mrsolar.com/content/what-is-a-solar-panel.php)

Essay --

Pill mills in the south have turned into the sellers for prescription drugs without needing a medical reason behind it. A pill mill is â€Å"a term used primarily by local and state investigators to describe a doctor, clinic or pharmacy that is prescribing or dispensing powerful narcotics inappropriately or for non-medical reasons†(Malbran). They are very dangerous places for drug addicts because it is a very easy way to get prescribed any medicine you would like. These places do not accept any cards, they only accept cash, and do not ask you anything your normal doctor would if you went to get a prescription. They are not something states want to have, and that is why states are attempting to shut them all down. Pill Mills are dangerous to have open and can cause harm to more than just the people buying it for themselves. To begin, pill mills have been around for a while and more locations open up every single year. Florida is the top state right now for pill mills, but it is starting to spread to other states. For example, it has spread to Georgia, New Jersey, West Virginia, Missouri, and many more states. These clinics are very dangerous and very hard to catch people. With so many of them being open in Florida the DEA is having trouble shutting down a lot of clinics at a time. The clinics do not look into any medical records and the patient does not even need to get a physical exam. The patient can just ask for their drug of choice and pay with cash only. These sites do not take cards; it is cash only business. Doing this makes it harder for the police and DEA to track the records of these places because they have no records of the people going in and out of the clinics. There are several signs to knowing if it is a pi... ...ause it hurts so bad," explained Amanda Wendorff†(Crawford). This is only one example of a patient that is in pain when they do not have their medicine. It is not fair for a patient with a sickness to be turned away for an actual problem from an actual pharmacy. Pill mills in the state of Florida have been a very big issue for a while and still are, but all the problems are starting to get better and better. They are very dangerous to have anywhere and can cause harm to multiple people at once, not just the person taking the pain killer. Pill mills are a gateway to very big drug addicts and also to drug dealers. It is an easy outlet for them to be able to get a lot of drugs at once and also to be able to sell a lot at once. With pill mills starting to be shut down, many lives will be saved from several circumstances and leave less drug addicts on the streets.

Self-Image and Consumer Behavior

Article Review: Self-Image and Consumer Behavior: How Sacrosanct Self-Beliefs Sway Preferences in the Marketplace Written by: David Dunning In this article, David Dunning questions whether or not beliefs, wants, and needs are the keys to decision making in a consumer’s mind. He believes in a decision making technique called belief harmonization. With this, Dunning means that in order to reach a decision , it may require arranging and revising one’s beliefs, needs, and preferences into a network of cognition that produces little tension among its elements. He states that this allows for two major influences on decision making.The first influence is if people hold a bias to favor one decision over another, then that will alter how they perceive the product. They will solely make a decision on that bias and keep to it. In our book, it explains this with brand equity. The outcome shows that a consumer will decide based on the belief that this brand is better than all of the others and not think twice to purchase. The second influence involves the beliefs that the consumer want to maintain, called sacrosanct beliefs. This is one claiming that the self is a moral, lovable, and capable individual.Dunning states that many decisions in the consumer world are based on this belief of self-image, even when the decision at hand has no relevance to the self. We buy to highlight or hide aspects of our self. Evidence for Decision Making as Belief Harmonization There is much evidence that suggest that judgment and decision making, including consumer behavior decision making, is known to be belief harmonization. Dunning stated that through the 1940s and 1960s, people depended on the consistency theory, balance theory, and the cognitive dissonance theory.However, it has been known that belief and other connections are applied as well. This would be referred to as connectionist modeling or parallel-constraint satisfaction. He gives a certain example of a young woman buying a car and the positive and negative factors based on buying this car. There can be some direct and indirect contradictions in the harmonization process. What people do is revise what they believe in and make connections with the decision. It may lead towards the negative factors or the positive factors in this decision.Dunning states that the best decisions should be based on the beliefs that the person possesses and will be the best indicator for it. Beliefs are equally able to influence and be influenced by other beliefs. The Influence of Decision Outcomes on Perceptions of â€Å"Input† Variables Emerging evidence demonstrates just how easily the causality in decision making can run in reverse. A preliminary opinion leaning toward one conclusion tends to alter how people evaluate evidence in decision making. This also is a part of product choice as well.The Influence of Logically Irrelevant â€Å"Outside Beliefs† Any belief can bias people to initially favor o ne over another. These beliefs are called â€Å"outside† beliefs and tend to be irrelevant when it comes to the decision making process. Dunning talks about how a juror decides on whether or not someone should be sued for posting negative comments on the internet. They looked at both positive and negative sides of the defendant and never based their decision on if the defendant was a nice guy or not. Work in the consumer world has also found similar bias due to outside beliefs.Evidence for Sacrosanct Beliefs about the Self People commonly approach every decision with the belief that their decision takes precedence and that they are honorable individuals. They want their decisions to be positive so that their self-image is positive. In class, we learned about impression management, which means that we work to â€Å"manage† what others think of us. This is a factor in our self-image. Evidence for Positive Self-Beliefs Researchers have showed that people have upbeat self- images, even to an unrealistic degree.Our psychological process that might help leave people with flattering views is a constant engagement in belief harmonization anchored on a self-belief. Research on self-evaluation also shows what type of moves or decisions people make for a positive self-image. This goes in hand with the ideal self portrayal and our concept of what we would like to be. With consumers, they easily adapt to certain products to help us reach our ideal self and have a positive outcome in our beliefs. Evidence for Belief Harmonization with Positive Self-BeliefsBeliefs about the social world are harmonized with flattering self-views. The judgment of people will affirm the positive impression of self. Culture is a big factor in the consumer world, and that is where the beliefs and self-image become intertwined together. In our book, it talks about how in some cultures, women are supposed to foster harmonious relationships and men are supposed to be assertive and have certain skills. These beliefs make the positive self-image in the culture that the male and female are in. Definitions of Social Traits and JudgmentThere are many social traits out in the consumer world today. The article talks about how people tend to emphasize specific attributes and talents that they have and de-emphasize those they do not. These beliefs guide people’s judgments. They align their attribution for success and failure to affirm about the self and the image it portrays. Dunning states that at times a behavior is clearly an underlying trait. People tend to adopt performance standards that place their own competence and character in a good light. Evidence for Belief Harmonization in ChoiceRecent developments in the consumer psychology literature provide strong hints that self-image motives may influence decision making in the marketplace. Here are some points that play an important role by self-image in decision making. * Self-Signaling: this is the notion that people reach their decisions with an eye toward bolstering their self-images is similar to another idea emerging from work in decision making and choice. This is to signal the type of person they are. This explains behavior that remains curious and has been an explanation for people’s behavior.Shafir and Tversky conducted this behavior in the Newcomb problem, where it showed that a participant in the experiment picked an economically inferior option to another option. * Endowment Effects: People place more value on an object once they own in. Handing a coffee mug to a college student causes them to more than double what the mug is really worth. Once products are associated with people, it confirms the positive impressions of that person and becomes valuable for them to have. * Compensation Effects: People buy to compensate for perceived deficits. For example, men buy toupees to make up for hair loss.People buy products to cover their shortcomings for others not to see. * Affi rmation Effects: People express ideas that they are invulnerable to risk. Having self-esteem may prompt people to make choices with less concern. * Licensing Effects: Once people have gained solid evidence that they possess some sacrosanct trait, they act in a way that could potentially violate that they have that trait. This arises in consumer choice many times. Future Questions Dunning focuses on one specific sacrosanct belief, which is that the self is a lovable and capable person.He feels as though there could be other beliefs that exist as well. People possess personal self-esteem but also can possess collective self-esteem. This very much indeed influences people’s decisions and behavior in the marketplace. Also, beliefs that people seek might involve specific ones or rather a more overall general one about the self as a whole. Willer studies on masculinity suggested that people bolster specific self-values. Also, many suggest that people are not as concerned with speci fic self-views as they are worried over a general sense of self-worth. Automatic versus Deliberative Nature of Self-Image MotivesAnother issue would be whether the impact of self-based sacrosanct beliefs is deliberative or automatic in nature. Dunning believes that the impact of self-beliefs might be more automatic in nature. He argues that the term automatic can be the case that the process of affirming favorable self-beliefs is beyond people’s control. Also that is may be the case that this process occurs below people’s awareness; they may lack any insight that their choices are influenced by concerns over the self. However, people’s preferences can impose its influence below a person’s awareness.The Moderating Role of Self-Esteem For sacrosanct beliefs about the self to influence consumer psychology, people must presumably have those sacrosanct beliefs, and people with low self-esteem may not have positive views to maintain. In the consumer realm, one could ask whether low self-esteem people will work as energetically as their high self-esteem peers harmonize consumer decisions with positive views of self. The Moderating Role of Culture/Implications of Marketing As I discussed in this paper earlier, culture is another condition with how consumers make decisions.People in North America and Western Europe work to bolster their self-esteem. In the West, people seem more concerned with individuality and in the East; they focus on the collective self. Self-Image concerns may also carry implications for effective marketing according to Dunning. People tend to state that they are motivated to do good work in their job for reasons like personal growth, whereas other people are more motivated by money. That is how it works with decisions in consumer buying. People are influenced by social status.This article suggests that marketers should be mindful of the motivations that people are likely to cite as prime considerations for their purcha ses. In conclusion, the article is about how consumer behavior is acted and what it is based upon. There are many different factors that the author speaks about in this article. Self-Esteem and Culture are two main pieces of the puzzle when it comes to how consumers react to certain products. In the marketing world, we marketers have to look at these factors and how much insight it will provide us when we are trying to get into the minds of our consumers.Dunning makes very interesting arguments of how we cannot look at the picture as a whole, but yet as different segments of ourselves that all tie together with the decision making process. I thought this was a very interesting article because it shows how experiments and studies were done to prove that these are main factors with consumer behavior. It also showed me how we basically become the product and shine through the product for our own self-image. It could be even with becoming part of a group that reflects your personality, or just for your individual traits themselves.

Is it possible to see Elizabeth Bennet as a feminist heroine?

Elizabeth Bennet is perhaps the least conventional of Austen's characters, and certainly does not conform to what her society expected of her in the way of being submissive. Austen herself admitted that ‘pictures of perfection †¦ make me sick and wicked', and so our lovable protagonist Elizabeth is set apart from the traditional heroine with her independence of mind, and courage to challenge accepted role of women. To the modern day reader her refusal to be the demure, submissive ideal woman of the conduct books written by such a Hannah Moore, insisting ‘girls †¦ hould early acquire a submissive temper and a forbearing spirit' allows her to appear a feminist heroine. By refusing two offers of marriage Elizabeth exercises her only available method of choice, as Henry Tilney of Austen's Northanger Abbey points out ‘Man has the advantage of choice, woman only the power of refusal'. This demonstration of control earns our respect for Elizabeth as a heroine, and it certainly challenges the society's insistence on the significance of class distinction, appealing to the modern reader. Feminist critics Gilbert and Gubar assert that ‘Elizabeth stands out as a young woman who has no intention of following the prescription of restraint and submission for the achievement of happiness'. She demonstrates this with the manner in which she turns down Mr. Collins' proposal, explaining her refusal of his hand in marriage, ‘You could not make me happy, and I am convinced that I am the last woman in the world who would make you so'. Mr. Collins is so shocked by her rationality he believes it can only be due to her modesty; and hopes ‘when I do myself the honour of speaking to you next I shall hope to receive a much more favourable answer'. Her action contradicts entirely the principles set out in the conduct books, and the reaction she receives reinforces the unusualness of our heroine's honesty. Charlotte, however, seems to conform with society's expectations of a young lady, and accepts as though she is presented with no happy alternative, ‘convinced that my chances of happiness with him is as fair, as most people can boast on entering the marriage state'. Austen paints a bleak picture of this marriage for the reader, deeming it ‘impossible' for Charlotte ‘to be tolerably happy', and her position reveals the difficulties facing young women, and the pressure on them to marry. Elizabeth's refusal to submit to this is certainly what sets her apart, with more modern ideas of how women ought to be. When she is around Darcy Elizabeth behaves very differently from the more traditional Bingly sisters, not allowing her herself to be put down. In their discussion over how accomplished young women are, Elizabeth is not afraid to put her own argument forward, and demonstrates her intelligence and rationality by deducing ‘[Darcy] must comprehend a great deal in your idea as an accomplished woman'. Miss Bingly on the other hand simply reiterates what Darcy says, and for this Austen reduces her to ‘his faithful assistant'. Miss Bingly tries to creep towards Darcy, with her flattering tone, whereas Elizabeth is far more straightforward, and spirited. The Bingly sisters had disapproved of Elizabeth since her early entrance to Pemberly, exaggerating her state after walking of having a mucky petticoat and messy hair to call her ‘wild'. Interestingly it seems she is not only referring to how she looked, but also condemning her out of the ordinary behaviour, determined to look down on the people of Meryton. Having been polite to Elizabeth's face Austen reveals the sisters to be false, and unkind. Although Elizabeth does appeal to the reader as a modern heroine, one might argue that Lydia is the sister with the most modern attitude, eloping to a man she lusts after, declaring in her letter that her and Wickham's marriage shall take pace ‘some time or other †¦ it does not much signify when'. However it is clear Austen disapproves of her attitude, and means for the reader to disapprove of her, through the objective narrator; a voice condemning her as ‘always unguarded and often uncivil'. Perhaps it is as punishment that Lydia's marital life shall be unfulfilled, as when Austen exiles Maria Betram in ‘Mansfield Park', for running away with Henry Crawford despite her marriage to Mr. Rushworth – sent to ‘another country, remote and private'. It seems she is also in search of attention, and Gilbert and Gubar's observation that ‘marriage †¦ is the only accessible form of self-definition for girls in her [Jane Austen's] society' helps us to speculate that this may have been her ulterior motive for this relationship. In her letter to Harriett she confirms that she will find their surprise amusing, ‘oh what a great joke it will be! ‘, and her frivolous attitude towards her situation demonstrates her selfishness and compulsive mind, which Elizabeth view kindly. When rationally attempting to deter her father from permitting Lydia to accompany Mrs. Forster to Brighton, her sensible attitude is prominent as she analyses the danger she poses to the Bennets, explaining ‘our importance, our respectability in the world, must be affected by the wild volatility †¦ which marks Lydia's character'. Her key phrase ‘in the world' reminds the reader of the very different world inhabited by the girls, one in which it would not be possible for Lydia's conduct to be deemed acceptable. Elizabeth's attitudes here puts into perspective that although she challenges the assumed role of women in society, Elizabeth is still sensible to the significance of keeping reputation's up, and remains dignified in Austen's ‘world'. Once more exercising her only ‘power', Elizabeth also refuses Darcy's first proposal, despite his having ‘had no doubt of a favourable answer'. This attitude is much like Mr. Collins' expecting, as most men would at the time, an acceptance from girl with notably few prospects (as picked up on by the Binglys), despite his attitude towards the affair communicating his beliefs that it would be ‘a degradation'. She appears to rebel against society's expectations, and her contradiction to Darcy's assumption that a young woman must accept his hand in marriage is almost humorous, lending emphasis to the significance of Elizabeth's choices. When turning him down she tells him in no uncertain terms for why, with a forceful, truthful and compromising response, which uses very plain words like ‘unwillingly' which take her straight to point, and point out a rather painful truth. This demonstrates both her independence and the way she challenges the accepted conduct of a young woman of the time, to be perhaps more considerate of a man's feelings. Elizabeth demonstrates her strength not only by refusing to submit to men, but also through holding her own with Lady Catherine at both Rosings and Longbourn. She declares herself ‘a gentleman's daughter', and as such Darcy's equal, and refutes Lady Catherine's accusation that she has ‘upstart pretentions', refusing to conform to her society's expectation of her not to challenge her class superior. Her forwardness is picked up on by Lady Catherine, who is perhaps actually delivering a compliment, rather than a criticism, when noting ‘you give your opinion decidedly so for so young a person'. Elizabeth also refuses to be humbled just because Darcy earns ‘ten thousand a year', and is intended to marry Lady Catherine's daughters ‘of the same noble line'. In these scenes, Elizabeth appeals very much to the less class-conscious modern reader, and it is here that Vivien Jones sees Elizabeth as an agent for change, arguing ‘the old and new are synthesised in the union of the mercantile Gardiners and the landed gentry'. This suggests her marriage brings about a healthy change in the novel, as Darcy conquers his pride and welcomes the Gardiners to Pemberly. In this way we might regard Elizabeth as a modern heroine – a woman who makes a difference to her society. However, we can not ignore the fact Darcy is as fluent about her ‘inferiority', admitting to having ‘struggled' to suppress his feelings, as he is about his love for her in his initial proposal. Therefore, it seems their marriage shall be still quite traditional; with the woman subservient to her husband. Of course, in Jane Austin's society women were still swearing in their marital vows to ‘love, honour and obey', and so some critics argue that by the end, in choosing to marry Mr. Darcy, ‘Elizabeth conforms in the end to the feminine ideal of the helpmeet'. She is absorbed into Darcy's world, in which she will have little influence at all. But, we must not ignore the fact that it was, in the end her choice for marriage, and although she could not propose when she wanted it, she made sure it did not take place when it didn't suit her. Uniquely, our heroine stands out as a woman who feels she ‘may take liberties with her husband', and to feel this way in such a time must not be overlooked by the modern reader as what is expected. Although Jane Austen herself would never have used the term ‘feminist heroine', there is certainly debate about how she appears to the modern reader. Elizabeth Bennet is certainly appealing as our twenty first century heroine through the intelligence and courage to be independent, and Vivien Jones argues that she has the power to change the social order. However, as Marian Cox observes, ‘though she mocks patriarchal structures, Austen must inhabit them', pointing out that despite Elizabeth's independace, she still must marry, for due to the laws of primogeniture she had no other option of maintaining wealth. This does mean Elizabeth can not be seen as a heroine however, as she still challenges her society, and marries a man she loves which is better than most women of the time.

Forieng Author Project Essay

Forieng Author Project Essay Forieng Author Project Essay Ellen Wiah English 12 March 22, 2013 Period 4th Octavio Paz was a renowned poet, essayist who won the Nobel Prize for Literature. He was recognized for being the first Mexican to win a Nobel Prize in literature. Using poetry combine with prose, Paz explored multifaceted and paradoxical forces in contemporary life, while revealing his love for Mexican history and customs as well as his interest in surreal literature, and some other literary movement of the 19th century (Octavio, Paz-biography). Octavio Paz was a spokesperson for 20th-century Mexico, a poet whose work today exceeds his native land to connect with the world. Influenced by surrealism, Paz wrote of contradictions; but in his work opposites are blended and seen as part of the whole. Paz always used his art to establish relationships among cultures, people, and time (Hamm16).Octavio Paz was born in Mexico City in 1914, his father, a journalist and lawyer, was serving as assistant to Emiliano Zapata, a leader of the 1911 revolution. Paz's mother was from a prominent family of Spanish descent (Hamm16). During the revolutionary turmoil of the decade of Octavio's birth, the Paz family and many others were forced to flee the country. After living in Los Angeles for a few years, Paz's family returned to Mexico City. Although the family was now poor; Paz had access in the Macao house to an expansive library and was taught by Marist brothers. He reported that he first learned the craft of writing by immersing himself in the classics of Spanish literature and the great writers of Latin America. Paz attended the National University of Mexico but left without obtaining a degree to concentrate on writing (Hamm18). Paz was already published when he began his university studies. Several poems and stories had been printed in small regional publications. He also began publishing his own literary magazine, Barandal, at 17. Later he helped launch several other magazines, including Vuelta, one of Mexico's most influential publications. Luna Silvestre (Forest Moon), Paz's first book of poetry, was published when he was 19 (Diamond18). At the encouragement of Chilean poet Pablo Neruda, Paz travelled to Spain to attend a meeting in 1937 of leftist writers. While there Paz became so involved in the Spanish civil war (1936–39) that for a period he joined a unit fighting against Francisco Franco. In 1944 Paz received a Guggenheim Fellowship that allowed him to study in the United States. There he continued his education in poetry, reading the works of Walt Whitman, T. S. Eliot, Ezra Pound, and William Carlos Williams (Hamm17). In 1950 Paz published one of his most influential works: a philosophical essay about the nature of the Mexican character. El laberinto de la Soledad (The Labyrinth of Solitude) is part autobiography, part Mexican history, and part philosophy, all played out against the background of the dual cultural heritage of Mexico. Paz's style is often experimental at the same time that it draws on tradition. The 1953 volume Piedra de sol (Sun Stone) is a lyrical poem following the circular structure of the ancient Aztec calendar. Written in one sentence of 584 lines, the poem explores love, myth, the art of writing, and time (Diamond17). Among his diverse literary activities, Paz was an expert translator fluent in several languages, and he used this skill to help introduce upcoming writers from Latin America to the modern world by translating their work. Paz died of cancer of the spine in 1998. He had become so much of a national figure that the public announcement of his death was made by the president of Mexico, Ernesto Zedillo (Hamm19). Octavio Paz is a poet and an essayist. His style of writing is inspired by his belief that poetry establishes "the secret religion of the modern age." His work displays an ever-deepening intelligence and complexity as it explores the connection of philosophy, religion, art, politics, and the role of the individual within our

Secondary Data Analysis Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Secondary Data Analysis Assignment - Essay Example figure 3 Deprived total compared No-qualification Level 4.2. Economic Deprivation: All Claimant compared higher level(4,5) qualifications 3.2.1 figure 4 All Claimant compared higher level(4,5) 5. Census Data and ACRON 5.1. Areas of agreement 5.2. Differences 6. Advantages and disadvantages of Census and ACRON 6.1. Advantages of Census 6.2. Disadvantages of Census 6.3. Advantages of ACRON 6.4. Disadvantages of ACRON 7. The Conclusion: Data Sources and Their Importance 1. Introduction and Background: The Office for National Statistics (ONS) produced Census data during 2001 and updated it during 2004. ONS counted all people resident in the area at the time of the 2001 Census and were aged 16 to 74 years old. On the other hand, CACI produced A classification called ACRON categorizing all UK population into 56 types. CANI provides marketing research and consumer classification data. In the following I will present some data analysis based on 2001 census data and then some information from ACRON. This practice will help me in understanding the advantages and disadvantages of both the sources. 2. Qualifications: In the following I will present the qualification comparison between Kingston upon Thames (Kingston), London, and England. This comparison will reflect the overall situation of qualifications in the respective area, region, or country with respect to the percentage of all people. 2.1. Qualification Comparison: All Levels As Kingston is part of London region and London region is a part of England, for valid and vivid comparison I will convert those counts into percentage with respect to all people counted in that area. Further, for better understanding the data will be represented in bar chart. 2.1.1. table 1 Comparison of Qualifications : All Levels    Area Level Kingston London England All People 109058 5300332 35532091 No Qualification 18707 1257929 10251674 Level 1 13315 689228 5909093 Level 2 20116 904205 6877530 Level 3 13503 518624 2962282 Level 4,5 37 698 1642467 7072052 Level Others 5719 287879 2459460 Data source: 2001 Census  © Crown Copyright 2001 2.1.2. table 2 Qualifications Comparison Percentage : All Levels    Area Level Kingston London England No Qualification 17 24 29 Level 1 12 13 17 Level 2 18 17 19 Level 3 12 10 8 Level 4,5 35 31 20 Level Others 5 5 7 Data source: 2001 Census  © Crown Copyright 2001 2.1.3. figure 1 Comparison of Qualifications in Percentage: All Levels Figure 1 reflects that in Kingston, trend of lower qualification is lower and higher qualification is higher as compare to London and England. For instance, no-qualification and level 1 qualification are respectively 17% and 12% as compare to 24,13 of London and 29,17 of England. On the other hand Level 4,5 qualification is higher in Kingston with the percentage of 35. Remember that level 1 is the lowest level of qualification in census and level 4,5 is the highest. Upon the basis of this data analysis I can safely conclude that level of qualific ation in Kingston is better than collective level of London and of England. In next section I will analyze whether this pattern have some correlation with economic deprivation or not? 3. Economic Deprivation: In 2001 census, for economic deprivation five key figures have been mentioned. In the following I will analyze three key figures i.e., All People of Working Age Claiming a Key Benefit(All Claiming), Jobseeker's Allowance Claimants(Jobseeker’s claimants), and Incapacity Benefits Claimants(Incapacity claimants). 3.1. Economic Depriva

Was a separate Jewish state necessary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Was a separate Jewish state necessary - Essay Example Anti-Semitism is commonly said to be the cause which forced the Jews to seek out a separate homeland of their own. This idea is supported by Herzl (1896) who gives several accounts of how Jews were persecuted in his own times and those times which are recorded by history. The keenest memory of anti-Semitic behaviour comes in the form of the German Jews who were persecuted, troubled and harassed by the Nazi regime. The holocaust brought upon by the Nazi regime was a horrifying experience for the European Jews but anti-Semitic feelings also ran to a large extent across Europe and America. Isseroff (2006) says that anti-Zionist propaganda is the main reason why some people suggest that Israel was created out of pity for the Jews of Europe after the Second World War. For him the European influence existed already before the events of the Second World War : ‘Israel was created as a result of the League of Nations Mandate of 1922, which granted a mandate to Great Britain to create a "National Home" for the Jews in Palestine’ (Isseroff, 2006, Pg. 1). Even before the holocaust, and in fact, long before the discovery of the new world, there had been calls for a separate Jewish state. Arguments for a Jewish country had been put forward by many Jewish and non-Jewish thinkers who suggested that separating the Jews from mainstream Europe might be a possible answer to the Jewish question. Despite these calls for a Jewish state, there have been arguments against a separate country for Jews (Scham, 2002). These arguments are based on economic and social factors and the debate means that there is more to the story than can be discerned from a cursory glance. Even the historical background of the Jewish persecution and the problems between the Jews and other nations would require volumes of information. The counterpoints to a separate Jewish state come from many sources and although charges of anti-Semitism can be made against those